Cylindrical Shell Calculator

Calculations at a cylindrical shell (hollow cylinder, pipe, tube). A cylindrical shell is a cylinder, from which in its center a narrower cylinder of the same height is removed.
Enter the height and either both radiuses or one radius and the wall thickness. Choose the number of decimal places and click Calculate.

	Radius outer cylinder (R):			Cylindrical shell Slice plane: annulus
	Radius inner cylinder (r):
	Wall thickness (b):
	Height (h):
	Surface area (A):
	Lateral surface (L):
	Volume (V):
	Surface-to-volume ratio (A/V):
	Round to   0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15   decimal places.

Radiuses, height and wall thickness have the same unit (e.g. meter), the areas have this unit squared (e.g. square meter), the volume has this unit to the power of three (e.g. cubic meter). The lateral surface is the curved part of the surface area (inner and outer). A/V has this unit ^-1.

The cylindrical shell is point-symmetrical to its center. It is axially symmetrical to every vertical plane along the center point and additionally axially symmetrical to the plane across this center point, i.e. parallel to the openings. It is rotationally symmetrical to any rotation about the vertical axis in its cavity.
The cylindrical shell is of course familiar from pipes and similar structures. It is used for calculations if the thickness of the wall is important, otherwise the dimensions of a cylinder are used. Another variant of the cylindrical shell is the cut cylindrical shell, which is created when a hollow cylinder is cut at an angle. An example of this is a hypodermic needle. If the hollow cylinder is cut off at an angle on two parallel sides, an oblique cylindrical shell is created. If the curved side walls of a cylinder are not parallel but converge towards each other, then it is a cone. The analogous objects to the cylindrical shell in the cone are the hollow cone and the truncated hollow cone, derived from the cylinder and cone are the anticone and the truncated anticone.